OTHERS EXPLORERS

                                                     Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal, circa 1480. As a boy, he studied mapmaking and navigation. By his mid-20s, he was sailing in large fleets and was engaged in combat. In 1519, with the support of King Charles V of Spain, Magellan set out to find a better route to the Spice Islands. He assembled a fleet of ships which, despite huge setbacks and Magellan’s death, circumnavigated the world in a single voyage.

                            Vasco Núñez de Balboa

 Born in Spain in 1475, explorer and conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa helped establish the town of Darién on the Isthmus of Panama, becoming interim governor. In 1513, he led the first European expedition to the Pacific Ocean, but news of the discovery arrived after the king had sent Pedro Arias de Ávila to serve as the new governor of Darién. Ávila, reportedly jealous of Balboa, had him beheaded for treason in 1519.

                                            Amerigo Vespucci

Explorer Amerigo Vespucci was born March 9, 1451, (some scholars say 1454) in Florence, Italy. On May 10, 1497, he embarked on his first voyage. On his third and most successful voyage, he discovered present-day Rio de Janeiro and Rio de la Plata. Believing he had discovered a new continent, he called South America the New World. In 1507, America was named after him. He died of malaria in Seville, Spain, on February 22, 1512.

                                          Juan Sebastián Elcano

Juan Sebastián Elcano (1486-1526) was a Spanish (Basque) sailor, navigator and explorer best remembered for leading the second half of the first round-the-world navigation, having taken over after the death of Ferdinand Magellan. Upon his return to Spain, the King presented him with a coat of arms that contained a globe and the phrase: “You Went Around Me First.

PRINTING PRESS

A printing press is a device for evenly printing ink onto a print medium (substrate) such as paper or cloth. The device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an inked surface made of movable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spead of theprinting press are widely regarded as among the most influential events in human history, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.

MEDIAVAL INSTITUTIONS IN SPAIN

GENTLEMAN VILLAIN :The villains were a Hispanic medieval knights troops, Castilla feature that arises from the granting of privileges. The Jurisdiction of Castrojeriz the year 974 was the first one.
In return for the privileges settled in the charters, the councils have a duty to auxilium or military assistance to the person who had been granted (mainly the Count of Castile and the King of León). This military assistance in the form of concejiles militia was organized into two forces: the pawns (walk) and the villains knights. The inhabitants of the council who could afford a horse in their ranks. Because of its tactical importance (cavalry charge with spear) and its position in the land repopulated the Extremaduras, the villains knights won privileges and became legally equivalent to infanzones, the lower nobility (though not noble privileges, of course) .

MARRIAGE IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN SPAIN :Marriage in the Early Middle Ages in Spain is an institution inspired by the Germanic law. Developed to the twelfth century, when the introduction of the Roman rite in the peninsular Christian society began to displace the marriage of Gothic origin with a less civil conception based on its sacramental character, which is the characteristic of the late Middle Ages.


MERINO: The merino was an existing administrative position in the crowns of Castile and Aragon and the kingdom of Navarre during the Middle and Modern ages. The merino was the figure responsible for resolving conflicts in their territories, in roles that are currently assigned to the judges. Furthermore administered real estate and had a military function. He was in charge of crops, land leases and caloñas (fines imposed for certain crimes or misdemeanors).
The merinos could be directly appointed by the King (high merino, with broad jurisdiction in its territory), or other Merino (Merino lower, with jurisdiction limited to smaller territories).
The appointment of older merinos was very common among the different Spanish kings from the XIV century. This charge also known major advance, being used more commonly the most merino for northern territories, while in the south (Andalusia and Murcia) was used on the front.


PICKS: The picks are columns of more or less ornate stone on which the prisoners and the heads or bodies of the executed by civil authority was exposed.

The penalty appears exhibit pilloried and legislated in the thirteenth century, in the book of Las Partidas of Alfonso X, considered the last of the minor offenders in their shame and punishment punishment.

Most pillories were built during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, due to the exemptions granted to places that made financial contributions to the Crown to meet the heavy expenses of the war.

Although often referred to pillory all columns of this type, some of which are more upscale and are called rolls, which only rose in villas and indicated the regime that was subject: royal manor, concejil, ecclesiastical or monastic.

ROLL: A roll is a stone column, usually topped by a cross or a ball. It represented the administrative category of the place, rising only in the villazgos they had full jurisdiction, indicating the regime to which he was subjected: royal manor, concejil, ecclesiastical or monastic. Besides marking the territorial limit and, in some cases, was a memorial to the granting of villazgo. They shared with pillories functions executions. These executions were suspended by decree of the Cortes of Cadiz in 1812.
They are in those peoples of the kingdoms of Castile and Leon who had mayor and, therefore, jurisdiction to judge and condemn to death. Also served to punish and pay the penalties under common criminals, who after being whipped, were exposed to public shame.
The rolls are similar to cruises, but its meaning is different.
During the conquest of America, the first act of founding a city consisted of lifting and planting roll as a symbol of royal jurisdiction and as a sign of coercive threat.
Cáceres is a province of Spain which have been preserved over jurisdictional rolls through the disobedience of their peoples to the order given by the Cortes of Cadiz, urging them down when the feudal courts were abolished.

 

THE WAR OF 100 YEARS

The Hundred Years War, expression emerged in the mid-nineteenth century, identifying a series of armed conflicts recorded intermittently, during the fourteenth century and the fifteenth century (1337 - 1453), with the participation of France and England. The long duration of this conflict by the great might of the English on one side and the stubborn French resistance on the other explains. This was the first great European war which caused profound changes in the economic, social and political life of Western Europe. The kingdom of France was supported by the kingdoms of Scotland, Bohemia, Castilla and the papacy of Avignon. England had been allied with Flanders, German kingdoms and Portugal. The dynastic question which unleashed the War of the Hundred Years surpassed the feudal character of military political rivalries of the Middle Ages and frame the content of future confrontations enters the great European monarchies. The War of the Hundred Years Hard 116 years (although there were long periods of ceasefire, truce and peace for economic reasons, politicians and the bubonic plague that occurred in those years)

The warrior nobility: a privileged group

In feudal society, the main function of the nobility, and the king himself, was to be warriors. Are the knights who were engaged in trade of arms. Have the equipment, horses and weapons was very expensive and only the feudal lords could perform that office.

The sons of noble families were educated and trained as warriors. Were pages and squires after other gentlemen first.

Alos eighteen years were named knights in the investiture ceremony in which they received their weapons: sword, shield and chainmail. From that moment, would be part of knighthood and should be brave, loyal to his master and defend the weak and women.

The nobles made war to defend their territory or ortho help the monarch or lord who owed allegiance. The war provided, if won, land and wealth which enhanced the power of the nobility (booty).

Their social function allowed the nobility live with privileges. They had to work, did not pay taxes and were the only ones who could give them weapons and exercise control over the rest of the populations.


Women, even if they were of noble family, were subject to men, either the father or husband. They could inherit, and in the absence of men, to be holders of fiefs, but usually their marriage was acting in concert with nobles and their lands passed into the property of the husband's family.

The main ideas of Islam

Right belief about God, the universe, and humanity is of primary concern to the Islamic religion. The holy book of Islam, the Quranstates, "Righteous is he who believes in Allah and the Last Day and the Angels and the Scriptures and the Prophets" . Belief in these doctrines as well as many others are important to Muslims both past and present.

Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam teaches that there is one God in the universe, giving Muslims a monotheistic worldview Also like Judaism and Christianity, Islam teaches about the ministerial office of the prophet, although not all of these faiths agree on who is, and who isn't, a prophet. For example, Christians believe John the Baptist was a prophet and Jews and Muslims don't. And Muslims believe that Muhammad was a prophet, yet Jews and Christians don't. All three faiths also believe in an afterlife, although the makeup of those destinations can be immensely different from each other.

                                                      

Mohammad

Muḥammad  full name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim  , was a man from Mecca who unifiedArabia into a single religious polity under Islam. Believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet ofGod, Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God to mankind.While non-Muslims regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam, Muslims consider him to have restored theunaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muslims discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.