THE HASBURG DINASTY
INDEX
1. The Empire of Charles I
2. The Spanish Empire of Philip II
3. Economic and Society in the 16th century
4. The Declare of the Empire in the 17th century
-Philip III
-Philip IV
-Charles II
5. Economic and Society crisis in the 17th century
1. The Empire of Charles I
1.1 HEIR TO AN EMPIRE
Charles I of Spain, who was also Charles V of Germany, was the son of Joanna of Castile and the German prince Philip of Habsburg.
-From his mother's side, the Kingdom of Castile, Navarre, the Crown of Aragon and territories in America and Italy.
-From his father's side, the Netherlands, Luxemburg and France-Comté. When his grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, died, he also inhrited his German territories and was given the title of Emperor.
1.2 PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE
Charles I ruled from 1516 to 1559 but took tittle interest in the Iberian Peninsula. Several revolts took place during his reign:
-The Revolt of the Comuneros (1520-1521) was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants of Castile against the King's economic policy.
-The Revolt of Brotherhoods (1521-1523) was a uprising of artisans and peasants in Valencia and Mallorca. The Artisans wanted access to goverment office and the peasants wanted better rental conditions.
1.3 PROBLEMS ABROAD
-He went to war with France (1525-1544) defeated the French army in the Battle of Pavia.
-He fought the Turks (1529-1541).
-He confronted the German princes, who supported Lutheran reform.
2. The Spanish Empire of Philip II
2.1. PHILIP II'S GOVERMENT
Philip II governed very differently from his father. He paid special attention to the interests of the Spanish monarchy and issued political orders from Madrid.
Philip II extended the system of advisory councils. He also established royal officials called corregidors to represents royal authority in local areas.
Philip II continued his father's fight against Protestantism. He used the Inquisitions to persecuted people suspected of not being true Catholic. of Philip's repression of Muslims converts in Andalusia led to the Morisco Revolt 1568, wich was suppressed in 1571.
2.2 FOREIGN POLICY
-Against the French, who he defeated in the Battle of Saint-Quentin in 1557.
-Against the Turks, who he defeated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
-Against England. He sent the Spanish Armada to invaded England, but the flet was destroyed in a storm.
-Against Flanders. Philip II sent tercios to the area, but they were unabled to resolver the problem.
When the king of Portugal died without an heir, Philip II annexed Portugal.
3. Spanish economy and society in the 16th century
3.1 THE ECONOMY
During the 16th century, large amounts of gold and silver were brought to Spain from America.
An increased in the demand for goods from America led to growth in trade and commerce.
Most trade took place in Castilian cities and Atlantic ports, such as Seville.
Most of the land belonged to the aristrocracy or the Church and was used mostly for livestock farming.
3.2 SOCIETY.
In the 16th century, the population of Spain increased, specially in Catile.
The privileged class was made up of nobles and clergy, who owned most of the lands. Eighty percent of the population were peasants, who paid taxes and had limited rights.
4.The decline of the Empire in the 17th century.
4.1 PHILIP III: THE GOVERMENT OF FAVOURITES
Monarchs in the 17th century left governed to favourites, who became very powerful ministers.
4.2 PHILIP IV: THE END OF EUROPEAN DOMINANCE
Philip IV appointed the Count-Duke of Olivares as his favourite. He wanted to maintain Habsburg dominance in Europe.
The war ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia treaty in 1648, in which Spain recognised the independence of the Netherlands.
In Ansalusia the revolt was suppressed, but Portugal managed to separate from the Spanish Crown with support from England and France.
Catalonia also received help from the French and the ensuing conflict continued until 1652. The war between Spain and France finally ended with the singing of the Teatry of the Pyrenees in 1659, in which Roussillon and Artois became part of France.
4.3 CHARLES II: CRISIS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY
Spain experienced a period of crisis during the regin of Charles II, Spain's last Habsburg monarch. This crisis was caused by the king's incompetence, corruption among his favourite and a number of economic problems.
When Charles II died without an heir in 1700, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out between Philip of France's Bourbon dynasty and Charles of Austria. The victory of the French brought an end to the Habsburg monarchy in Spain.
5. Economic and social crisis in the 17th century
5.1 CRISIS IN THE CROWN OF CASTILE
In the 17th century, there was a sharp decrease in the population of Castile because of emigration to America.
As agricultural conditions worsened, may peasants moved to cities. Livestock farming also suffered, after years of war and drought had destroyed pastureland.
During this period, industry and trade decreased significantly.
While the nobles acquired more new propety and other luxuries, the peasants, artisants and hidalgos srtuggled to survive the economic crisis.
5.2 THE CRISIS AND THE CROWN OF ARAGON
This crisis did not have the the same effect on places like aragon, which had not been central to American trade. In the 17th century, Aragon's more stable economy allowed new trading companies to appear, and a silk textile indrusty also began.
