THE HABSBURG DYNASTY

         THE HASBURG DINASTY       



                         





                                     INDEX



                             1. The Empire of Charles I

                             2. The Spanish Empire of Philip II

                             3. Economic and Society in the 16th century

                             4. The Declare of the Empire in the 17th century
                                              -Philip III
                                              -Philip IV
                                              -Charles II

                             5. Economic and Society crisis in the 17th century




                 1. The Empire of Charles I


1.1 HEIR TO AN EMPIRE
  
Charles I of Spain, who was also Charles V of Germany, was the son of Joanna of Castile and the German prince Philip of Habsburg.

       -From his mother's side, the Kingdom of Castile, Navarre, the Crown      of Aragon and territories in America and Italy.

       -From his father's side, the Netherlands, Luxemburg and France-Comté. When his grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, died, he also inhrited his German territories and was given the title of Emperor.



1.2 PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE

Charles I ruled from 1516 to 1559 but took tittle interest in the Iberian Peninsula. Several revolts took place during his reign:

       -The Revolt of the Comuneros (1520-1521) was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants of Castile against the King's economic policy.

       -The Revolt of Brotherhoods (1521-1523) was a uprising of artisans and peasants in Valencia and Mallorca. The Artisans wanted access to goverment office and the peasants wanted better rental conditions.

                                




1.3 PROBLEMS ABROAD

     -He went to war with France (1525-1544) defeated the French army in the Battle of Pavia.
   
     -He fought the Turks (1529-1541).

     -He confronted the German princes, who supported Lutheran reform.




              2. The Spanish Empire of Philip II


2.1. PHILIP II'S GOVERMENT

      Philip II governed very differently from his father. He paid special attention to the interests of the Spanish monarchy and issued political orders from Madrid.

      Philip II extended the system of advisory councils. He also established royal officials called corregidors to represents royal authority in local areas.

       Philip II continued his father's fight against Protestantism. He used the Inquisitions to persecuted people suspected of not being true Catholic. of Philip's repression of Muslims converts in Andalusia led to the Morisco Revolt 1568, wich was suppressed in 1571.

      



2.2 FOREIGN POLICY


    -Against the French, who he defeated in the Battle of Saint-Quentin in 1557.

     -Against the Turks, who he defeated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

     -Against England. He sent the Spanish Armada to invaded England, but the flet was destroyed in a storm.

     -Against Flanders. Philip II sent tercios to the area, but they were unabled to resolver the problem.

      When the king of Portugal died without an heir, Philip II annexed Portugal.

                              
                      
                            



 3. Spanish economy and society in the 16th century


3.1 THE ECONOMY

     During the 16th century, large amounts of gold and silver were brought to Spain from America.


     An increased in the demand for goods from America led to growth in trade and commerce.

     Most trade took place in Castilian cities and Atlantic ports, such as Seville.


     Most of the land belonged to the aristrocracy or the Church and was used mostly for livestock farming.



                                  






3.2 SOCIETY.

   In the 16th century, the population of Spain increased, specially in Catile.

   The privileged class was made up of nobles and clergy, who owned most of the lands. Eighty percent of the population were peasants, who paid taxes and had limited rights.


                             
                                       



4.The decline of the Empire in the 17th century.

 
4.1 PHILIP III: THE GOVERMENT OF FAVOURITES

        Monarchs in the 17th century left governed to favourites, who became very powerful ministers.



4.2 PHILIP IV: THE END OF EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

         Philip IV appointed the Count-Duke of Olivares as his favourite. He wanted to maintain Habsburg dominance in Europe.

         The war ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia treaty in 1648, in which Spain recognised the independence of the Netherlands.

         In Ansalusia the revolt was suppressed, but Portugal managed to separate from the Spanish Crown with support from England and France.

        Catalonia also received help from the French and the ensuing conflict continued until 1652. The war between Spain and France finally ended with the singing of the Teatry of the Pyrenees in 1659, in which Roussillon and Artois became part of France.



 4.3 CHARLES II: CRISIS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY

        Spain experienced a period of crisis during the regin of Charles II, Spain's last Habsburg monarch. This crisis was caused by the king's incompetence, corruption among his favourite and a number of economic problems.

      When Charles II died without an heir in 1700, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out between Philip of France's Bourbon dynasty and Charles of Austria. The victory of the French brought an end to the Habsburg monarchy in Spain.


5. Economic and social crisis in the 17th century


5.1 CRISIS IN THE CROWN OF CASTILE

      In the 17th century, there was a sharp decrease in the population of Castile because of emigration to America.

      As agricultural conditions worsened, may peasants moved to cities. Livestock farming also suffered, after years of war and drought had destroyed pastureland.

     During this period, industry and trade decreased significantly.

     While the nobles acquired more new propety and other luxuries, the peasants, artisants and hidalgos srtuggled to survive the economic crisis.


5.2 THE CRISIS AND THE CROWN OF ARAGON

     This crisis did not have the the same effect on places like aragon, which had not been central to American trade. In the 17th century, Aragon's more stable economy allowed new trading companies to appear, and a silk textile indrusty also began.

OTHERS EXPLORERS

                                                     Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal, circa 1480. As a boy, he studied mapmaking and navigation. By his mid-20s, he was sailing in large fleets and was engaged in combat. In 1519, with the support of King Charles V of Spain, Magellan set out to find a better route to the Spice Islands. He assembled a fleet of ships which, despite huge setbacks and Magellan’s death, circumnavigated the world in a single voyage.

                            Vasco Núñez de Balboa

 Born in Spain in 1475, explorer and conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa helped establish the town of Darién on the Isthmus of Panama, becoming interim governor. In 1513, he led the first European expedition to the Pacific Ocean, but news of the discovery arrived after the king had sent Pedro Arias de Ávila to serve as the new governor of Darién. Ávila, reportedly jealous of Balboa, had him beheaded for treason in 1519.

                                            Amerigo Vespucci

Explorer Amerigo Vespucci was born March 9, 1451, (some scholars say 1454) in Florence, Italy. On May 10, 1497, he embarked on his first voyage. On his third and most successful voyage, he discovered present-day Rio de Janeiro and Rio de la Plata. Believing he had discovered a new continent, he called South America the New World. In 1507, America was named after him. He died of malaria in Seville, Spain, on February 22, 1512.

                                          Juan Sebastián Elcano

Juan Sebastián Elcano (1486-1526) was a Spanish (Basque) sailor, navigator and explorer best remembered for leading the second half of the first round-the-world navigation, having taken over after the death of Ferdinand Magellan. Upon his return to Spain, the King presented him with a coat of arms that contained a globe and the phrase: “You Went Around Me First.

PRINTING PRESS

A printing press is a device for evenly printing ink onto a print medium (substrate) such as paper or cloth. The device applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an inked surface made of movable type, thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spead of theprinting press are widely regarded as among the most influential events in human history, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.

MEDIAVAL INSTITUTIONS IN SPAIN

GENTLEMAN VILLAIN :The villains were a Hispanic medieval knights troops, Castilla feature that arises from the granting of privileges. The Jurisdiction of Castrojeriz the year 974 was the first one.
In return for the privileges settled in the charters, the councils have a duty to auxilium or military assistance to the person who had been granted (mainly the Count of Castile and the King of León). This military assistance in the form of concejiles militia was organized into two forces: the pawns (walk) and the villains knights. The inhabitants of the council who could afford a horse in their ranks. Because of its tactical importance (cavalry charge with spear) and its position in the land repopulated the Extremaduras, the villains knights won privileges and became legally equivalent to infanzones, the lower nobility (though not noble privileges, of course) .

MARRIAGE IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN SPAIN :Marriage in the Early Middle Ages in Spain is an institution inspired by the Germanic law. Developed to the twelfth century, when the introduction of the Roman rite in the peninsular Christian society began to displace the marriage of Gothic origin with a less civil conception based on its sacramental character, which is the characteristic of the late Middle Ages.


MERINO: The merino was an existing administrative position in the crowns of Castile and Aragon and the kingdom of Navarre during the Middle and Modern ages. The merino was the figure responsible for resolving conflicts in their territories, in roles that are currently assigned to the judges. Furthermore administered real estate and had a military function. He was in charge of crops, land leases and caloñas (fines imposed for certain crimes or misdemeanors).
The merinos could be directly appointed by the King (high merino, with broad jurisdiction in its territory), or other Merino (Merino lower, with jurisdiction limited to smaller territories).
The appointment of older merinos was very common among the different Spanish kings from the XIV century. This charge also known major advance, being used more commonly the most merino for northern territories, while in the south (Andalusia and Murcia) was used on the front.


PICKS: The picks are columns of more or less ornate stone on which the prisoners and the heads or bodies of the executed by civil authority was exposed.

The penalty appears exhibit pilloried and legislated in the thirteenth century, in the book of Las Partidas of Alfonso X, considered the last of the minor offenders in their shame and punishment punishment.

Most pillories were built during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, due to the exemptions granted to places that made financial contributions to the Crown to meet the heavy expenses of the war.

Although often referred to pillory all columns of this type, some of which are more upscale and are called rolls, which only rose in villas and indicated the regime that was subject: royal manor, concejil, ecclesiastical or monastic.

ROLL: A roll is a stone column, usually topped by a cross or a ball. It represented the administrative category of the place, rising only in the villazgos they had full jurisdiction, indicating the regime to which he was subjected: royal manor, concejil, ecclesiastical or monastic. Besides marking the territorial limit and, in some cases, was a memorial to the granting of villazgo. They shared with pillories functions executions. These executions were suspended by decree of the Cortes of Cadiz in 1812.
They are in those peoples of the kingdoms of Castile and Leon who had mayor and, therefore, jurisdiction to judge and condemn to death. Also served to punish and pay the penalties under common criminals, who after being whipped, were exposed to public shame.
The rolls are similar to cruises, but its meaning is different.
During the conquest of America, the first act of founding a city consisted of lifting and planting roll as a symbol of royal jurisdiction and as a sign of coercive threat.
Cáceres is a province of Spain which have been preserved over jurisdictional rolls through the disobedience of their peoples to the order given by the Cortes of Cadiz, urging them down when the feudal courts were abolished.